Three near-virgin forests: Germany's Fauler Ort Nature Reserve is one of the most natural European beech -dominated lowland forests anywhere, with no visible signs of human influence. However, it is known that the forest was managed until the mid 1800s, with oaks (Quercus) dominating

Montane mixed forest Hans-Watzlik-Hain in Germany looks primeval today, with abundant deadwood and very large European silver firs (Abies alba). However, old cut stumps here and there show it is not virgin forest

Norway's Gutulia National Park is called "primeval forest" by the national park administration. However, old cut stumps and trunks can be seen here and there